Bibliography
Sources
Every factual claim on this site should trace to one of these. If you find one that does not, tell us and we will fix or remove it.
Michigan Legislature
- MCL 500.2111 — permitted and prohibited rating factors — Insurers may not set auto rates on sex, marital status, home ownership, educational level, occupation, postal zone or credit score (as defined in § 2162).
California Legislative Information
- Insurance Code § 1861.02 — rating factors and Good Driver Discount — Rates must be determined by, in decreasing order of importance, driving safety record, annual miles driven and years of driving experience; optional factors may follow. Good Driver Discount policies must be at least 20% below the rate otherwise charged.
- Vehicle Code § 16056 — minimum liability limits — Policies issued or renewed on/after 1 Jan 2025: $30,000 per person / $60,000 per accident bodily injury / $15,000 property damage. From 1 Jan 2035 the limits rise by $20,000 / $40,000 / $10,000 (to 50/100/25).
National Association of Insurance Commissioners
- Credit-based insurance scores (insurance topic) — In most states insurers may not use a credit score as the sole reason to raise rates or decline, cancel or non-renew; many states require adverse-action notices.
- State chart: use of credit reports/scoring in underwriting (2025) — State-by-state statutory summary; e.g. Massachusetts (auto rates may not be based on credit), Michigan (credit score prohibited, MCL 500.2162), Maryland (credit may rate a new auto policy only).
- 2019–2023 Auto Insurance Database: average premium supplement (2025) — Countrywide average expenditure $1,281 in 2023 (+13.98%); combined average premium $1,438; state tables for liability, collision and comprehensive.
- Consumer insurance information — Plain-language guides from the body of state insurance regulators; links to every state's insurance department and complaint process.
Insurance Information Institute
- Background on: Insurance scoring — What credit-based insurance scores are; Arkansas regulator data showing credit lowered premium on ~57% of auto policies and raised it on ~23%.
- Background on: Pay-as-you-drive auto insurance (telematics) — Usage-based and per-mile pricing models, what telematics programmes measure, and state limits on their use.
- Trends and Insights: Auto insurance rates (June 2024) (2024) — Why premiums rose 2021–2024: crash frequency and severity, repair and labour inflation, vehicle technology, attorney involvement.
- Background on: No-fault auto insurance — Which states use personal injury protection (PIP), how no-fault thresholds work, and reform history including Michigan and Florida.
- Facts + Statistics: Auto insurance (2025) — NAIC countrywide average auto expenditure: $1,127 (2022), $1,282 (2023); most expensive states in 2023 were Florida, Louisiana and New York.
- Estimated percentage of uninsured motorists by state, 2017–2023 (2025) — IRC time series by state; 2023: Mississippi 28.2%, New Mexico 24.1%, D.C. 23.1%, Michigan 22.3%, Florida 20.6%, California 20.4%, Texas 14.5%; lowest Maine 5.7%.
- Facts + Statistics: Uninsured motorists (2024) — Insurance Research Council estimates of uninsured drivers by state (2022: e.g. Michigan 19.6%, California 17.0%, Florida 15.9%, Texas 13.8%).
- Nine ways to lower your auto insurance costs — Shop at least three quotes; raising a deductible from $200 to $500 can cut collision/comprehensive cost 15–30%, $1,000 can save 40%+; drop physical damage on cars worth under 10× the premium; bundling, low-mileage and good-student discounts.
- What determines the price of an auto insurance policy? — Rating factors: driving record, mileage, location, age, gender, vehicle, credit-based insurance score, coverage choices. Notes ZIP-code rating is prohibited in California and Michigan and gender rating is prohibited in seven states.
- How much auto coverage do I need? — Why state minimums are a floor; choosing liability limits that protect assets; when collision and comprehensive are worth keeping.
- What if I can't find auto coverage? — How the non-standard market and state assigned-risk plans insure drivers the voluntary market declines.
- Is it legal to drive without insurance? — Every state requires drivers to demonstrate financial responsibility; in most states insurance is the mandatory way to do so.
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
- Speed — How speed raises crash likelihood and severity; speed-limit and enforcement research.
Insurance Research Council
- 14 percent of U.S. drivers were uninsured in 2022 (2023) — About one in seven drivers was uninsured in 2022; highest D.C. 25.2%, New Mexico 24.9%, Mississippi 22.2%; lowest Wyoming 5.9%, Maine 6.2%, Idaho 6.2%. Method: ratio of UM to BI claim frequencies.
Consumer Federation of America
- Insurance research and advocacy — Consumer-side research on auto insurance pricing, non-driving rating factors and affordability.
Consumer Reports
- Car insurance — Independent testing organisation's guides to comparing policies and insurers.
United Policyholders
- Auto insurance basics — Plain-language coverage explanations from a policyholder-advocacy non-profit.
Linked publishers do not endorse this site. Practical checklists and recommendations are original editorial guidance; see our methodology.